Punishments in Primitive Soceity Essay

Introduction: The most usual criteria for punishment in primitive societies is the principle of â€Å"Eye for an eye†. According to this principle if a person has taken the eye of another the chief orders that the eye of the criminal should be taken.Blood for blood is the ancient principle of retribution in primitive societies. Thus punishment is based on retributive principle. This is so since most of the tribal people believe that crime is a violation of divine system or rules. Hence it is believed that the criminal is evil and should be given suitable punishment so that he may become free from evil.The evil souls must be punished. Besides retribution, another basis for punishment is compensation of the loss. Punishment in the form of fine is usually based on this principle. A fine is imposed since it compensates the loss.But the most important principle in the primitive system of punishment is the principle of collective responsibility.According to this principle punishment is not necessarily awarded to the individual who has committed the crime but his family, clan and local group may also be punished. For example, punishment of death is given for a murder, but this punishment may not be awarded to him who has murdered.In his place some other member of his family, group or clan may be killed since the group is collectively responsible for the criminal act of each member. CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMITIVE LAWS It is a part of natural and supernatural principles. It is based on kinship types. It is originated from the moral and ethical notions and public opinion. In primitive law there is no difference between civil law and criminal law. Primitive law doesn’t distinguishes between crimes and torts, public and private issues. It gives importance to sin and supernatural punishments. In here kinship group looks after law, therefore, there is collective responsibility for protecting the law. Kinds of Evidence (a) Oath. The offender has to take an oath and then he is asked to state whether he has committed the offence or not. It is generally believed that, if the offender tells a lie, he falls a prey to the supernatural anger for taking a false oath. (b) Ordeal. Sometimes the persons accused are put to torture in primitive societies before the declaration of judgment in criminal cases. If the accused persons escape without injury, they are acquitted as they are supposed to be not guilty. Kinds of Punishment 1. Different types of punishment are prevalent in different primitive societies. While in some societies compensation and social extermination are the more usual punishments, in other societies different types of physical injuries are inflicted as punishment. Similarly, in some societies fines are imposed and community feast is demanded to wipe off the crime. 2. Capital sentence is generally given in a case of homicide; but sometimes the death penalty is given to one of his family members or to one of his kins instead of inflicting it up to the person who has actually committed homicide. 3. They-believe that it is not the individual who is regarded to have been wronged but the whole kin-group to which he belonged and his kin-group, therefore avenges itself on the kin- group of the accused and not necessarily on the accused himself. 4. In some other societies the criminal is publicly insulted by blackening his face and carrying him through the entire village seated on a donkey. In America, in a tribe an unfaithful wife is given the punishment of death by drowning in water. In an Uganda tribe there is provision of jail for the criminal. The criminal, however, can be set free for a night. 5. If the crime is very serious the criminal is fixed to a pole till he dies. Murder is usually punished by capital punishment but most of the tribes do not have the provision for hanging till death. The provision for jail, however, is very exceptional. Usually, one does not find prison houses in tribal societies. 6. The misbehavior done to an ordinary individual is lightly punished, when the same misbehavior done to a chieftain is punished severely. For example, adultery with the wife of a king or chieftain is a capital crime and punished with death whereas adultery with some ordinary individual is not punished so severely. 7. The punishment of imposing a fine is not found among the punishments for crimes in primitive societies. Where fines are charged in a primitive society, they are paid by way of compensation to the aggrieved party. 8. The accused, very often, has to give a feast to the whole village in compensation for his crime. Even in case where fines are paid by way of compensation for the wrong done, attention is paid to the person who has done the wrong as well as to the person who has been wronged, if a person of a low standard offends a person of a high status, the find imposed is very heavy. But, if a person of a high status offends an ordinary person, the amount of compensation is very small.

Accounting Profit vs. Economic Profit. the Necessity of a Management Performance System to Boost Organization’s Performance

Accurate information is a critical input in a decision making process that targets real value creation for shareholders. The objective of this paper is the analysis of two articles of Stern Steward Research, namely â€Å"Accounting is Broken. Here’s How to fix it. A Radical Manifiesto† and â€Å"The capitalism Manifesto. The Transformation of the Corporation – Employee Capitalism –â€Å". Both papers propose a roadmap to fix the conventional accounting shortness through the use of Value Based Management (VBM) as a real and effective management system of value creation and measurement.Economic Value Added (EVA) plays the main role in this management approach, as a very effective performance metric in the alignment of the organization with its ultimate goal of shareholder’s value creation. VIEW OF THE READING In the first paper â€Å"Accounting is Broken. Here’s How to fix it. A Radical Manifiesto†, the accounting related aspects of EV A are discussed, providing a comparison between accounting earnings and economic earnings. Weaknesses of accounting standards are exposed here.The authors suggest a serie of radical reforms for the conventional accounting in order to align conventional with economic accounting in order to provide managers with the information that really matters and avoid mispreactices to deceive shareholders. The paper proposes EVA as a rock solid measure that provides a very clear picture of the organization’s performance. According to the paper accountants should start using economic profit (EVA) to better reflect the economic reality of the organization.Economic earnings underpin the decision making process, clarifying the economic objectives and setting up a target for value creation. The paper highlights the capability of EVA measure to fix some weaknesses of the accounting earnings perspective and proposes some reforms: †¢Cost of equity must be brought into the light of day as a k ey element for the economic profit. Shareholders need and deserve to be compensated for the risk they are taking by investing in a company. †¢Operating decision must be separated from investment and financing decision to avoid manipulation. Intangible assets should be capitalized as investments aimed at the creation of economic profit. †¢Stock options have to be expensed and depreciation and amortization must be better measured. The second paper â€Å"The capitalism Manifesto. The Transformation of the Corporation – Employee Capitalism –â€Å" analyzes the role of EVA measure as a metric of the total organizational productivity and the role it plays or can play in a pay-per-performance incentive plan to align the interest of the owners with the interest of the employees to enhance organization performance.Empowerment and accountability are seen as the basis to boost employee’s performance and the basis to set up incentive programes to stick the gains . The paper presents a deep analysis on the implementation of effective business management and incentive systems down to the shop floor in the European Union. Some examples are presented to explain the potential role of EVA in the implementation of a European policy for incentive plans. According to the paper, executives and frontline employees can or should unify their efforts within the EVA proven management system, to maximize value creation within the organization.The authors propose that decision making process at all levels should be implemented within a management framework where short- and long term incentive plans will be linked to results in form of value creation. Incentive plans should also be linked to cash and equity to guarantee the sustainability of the organization. If the employees can invest in the organization, they will start acting like owners taking right decisions and fostering sustainable growth. MY POINT OF VIEW Both papers assume a shareholder’s va lue perspective: the first and foremost purpose of a Corporation is to maximize shareholder value.This perspective should be brought in balance with the stakeholder’s perspective. Profitability has to be combined with responsibility. According to S. David Young and Stephen F. O’Byrne (2000), the economic pressures that organizations are facing nowadays induce managers, in some cases, to use bad practices in order to deceive shareholders by inflated earnings or not sustainable growth. EVA alone cannot solve this issue. A very clear management system has to be set up with guidelines and accountability for executives. Corporations cannot become economic machines.Responsibility for stakeholders (employees, society, environment, customers) has to play a central role as well. Economic earnings should be the main target, but corporations should be able to provide the needed environment to create the expected value based on ownership, clear economic and financial information, moral recognition, personal growth, empowerment and training. The first paper is a very interesting approach to EVA and to accounting practices. It sheds light on the issue that accounting is not what is used to be and cannot account anymore for what it has to account.Accounting standards lack the ability to control and guide executive behavior. On the other hand, the paper tends to fully disqualify accounting. Conventional accounting has played and will play its role in the society. It is hard to say that accounting is completely responsible for all bad practices and mismanagement cases (Enron, Worldcom, etc). Accounting has its weak points and these weaknesses have been used by irrational managers to inflate value in the shareholder’s eyes. The question is if we are talking about a symptom or about a root cause.We cannot solve the problem working on the symptoms. The root causes have to be found and addressed. In the current competitive environment, managers are struggling with the value creation process. Fierce competition and growing expectations of the shareholders is a killing combination to push managers in the bad path. It is not rare then that some of them make use of bad practices in order to boost value on the short-term, but putting in serious dangerous the future of the organization.In such situation is fair to say that accounting cannot account anymore for what really counts. Accounting standards allow these bad practices. A superior management system is in need. S. David Young and Stephen F. O’Byrne (2000) states that EVA can actually boost productivity and is able to match the interests of shareholders and stakeholders. Decision making process must be decentralized and roll down to the floor. In my experience, executives lack the ability to empower employees.Maybe it is the fear to lose power or that they don’t trust the subordinates. In any case they are missing the possibility to stimulate and motivate employees and the m ost important they are failing to use the advantage of impacting decision making by the ‘time and place’ factors. I think one of the reasons can be that they lack a measure like EVA that can set up the targets for the whole organization, allowing the cascading of the decision making process, improving the performance of the organization through more motivated employees and ownership boosting.EVA can be used at all levels within the organization, stimulating the decision making and risk taking attitude of the employees, since EVA will bring transparency and direction to the objectives to be met to create true value. In this case owners don’t have to worry about the earning sharing and they can start seeing employees as partner with the same objectives and motivations. Nowadays the intellectual capital of a corporation is one of the strongest competitive edges they can create. Employee’s satisfaction must be one of the goals within the organization to make i t sustainable.Employee’s satisfaction cannot be based only on cash or equity. People need a trusty environment where they can interact and reach high productivity levels, based not only on economic incentives, but on total ownership, supported by an increasing role in the decision making process, contributing to the value creation process and ensuring a sustainable growth of the organization. If one takes a closer look at EVA methodology to demonstrate that EVA is not as simple as supporters tell. EVA is a performance measure capable of reliably indicating the intrinsic value of all companies in all times.As a performance metric, EVA remains in control of the corporation and should impact Market Value Added (MVA) on the long term creating true value for the shareholders. With EVA managers have a more effective tool to support their decision making process. The entire metric was developed based on the following three ideas : 1. Cash flows are the best indicators of performance . The accounting distortions must therefore be â€Å"fixed†. Accrual based accounting should be transformed into cash-flow accounting. 2. Some expenses are really investments and should be capitalized on the balance sheet.True investments must therefore be recognized as means to create future cash flow. 3. Equity capital is expensive (or, at the very least, not free). This expense must therefore be accounted for. Investment is an economic decision and opportunity cost should be taken into account. To calculate EVA, two sets of information’s are needed, namely the Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) and the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). NOPAT is first calculated based on the Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA).Some adjustments are needed here to account for the correct operating profit of the corporation. Important here is to understand that operating and financing decisions must be evaluated separately. NOPAT provides a very clear picture of the organization operating performance, excluding potential manipulation through financing decisions. On the other hand, WACC is the average of the costs of the financing sources, each of which is weighted by its respective use in the given situation. By taking a weighted average, we can see how much interest the company has to pay for every dollar it finances.WACC demands a very clear policy from the organization about its financial structure (debt and equity relationship) to calculate the cost of the capital. This is a fundament to avoid bad practices, manipulations, abuse of leverage technique through cheaper debts and ineffective decision making process. A very strong and reliable financing structure is needed in order to not compromise the future of the organization and to provide a very solid platform for the economic growth, by choosing projects with a really economic impact on the bottom line. Generally speaking, EVA has a big drawback.As we could se e above, EVA is very far from being a simple metric. The point here is that the implementation of value-added measures such as EVA into a company is a costly and time consuming process . Substantial costs and time are justified only if benefits of optimizing the company’s strategy for value creation can be achieved. A transition to value-added measurements requires serious commitment of the board of directors and senior management to use these measures to manage the business. Every individual in the company must buy into the plan to make it successful.Extensive training and communication effort directed to everyone in the company is also required. EVA may be a complex concept and may not be something the average person/employee/manager/investor is going to understand without big efforts. When it comes to the organizational change required to implement something like EVA, you need to get people on board and it could be a very difficult task and therefore a major obstacle for i ts adoption. EVA should not be viewed as the answer to all things either. It doesn’t solve business problems, which is the manager’s responsibility.In conjunction with MVA, it does provide a meaningful target to pursue for both internally and externally oriented decisions. Managers remain the leaders within the corporations and the one who has to drive the value creation process. Generally speaking, shareholders must be provided with clear data on the corporation performance and on the decision making process. They need and deserve a return on their investment, but it should not be forgotten that their investment decisions involve risk and they must be compensated for this.The cost of the capital should be incorporated. Value creation should be calculated as the difference between NOPAT and capital and its cost. Accounting earnings don’t mean value creation. A Corporation can report net profits that don’t actually mean value creation from the shareholderà ¢â‚¬â„¢s viewpoint. To accomplish this, managers need clear and strong performance metrics able to stretch the corporation to achieve clear performance targets properly aligned with the ultimate goal of creating value. EVA is a metric upon which the whole organization can be build.In the current high competitive market, Value Based Management is a competitive advantage. It aligns the organizations with the expectations of the shareholders, facilitating the decision making process, avoiding accounting manipulation, targeting the ultimate goal of value creation, providing a very unambiguous metric such as EVA to guide the organization through the value creation process and ensuring the long term economic growth of the organization based on clear and transparent management practices.CONCLUSIONS Both papers offer a very clear perspective of the advantages of using EVA. Value Based Management provides Senior Management Teams with a clear benefit since it is able to close the gap between accounting earnings and economic earnings, driving the value within the organization. With EVA, the corporations possesses a metric that drives value and supports the incentive plans to motivate employees and make them to act like owners.Effective implementation could be an issue due to the complexity of the concept, but EVA is nowadays the most effective management approach connecting shareholders and stakeholders to accomplish the ultimate economic goal of the corporation, the value creation. EVA creates a very transparent environment providing more qualitative data to the shareholders about the organization’s performance and the use of the resources. It also provides a more qualitative decision making process in order to satisfy shareholder’s expectations.

Imagine you are a HR manager employing non-Chinese staff in the Essay

Imagine you are a HR manager employing non-Chinese staff in the People's Republic of China, how would you recruit and prepare - Essay Example Introduction In the recent years, China has been in focus for its astounding growth rate and future potential. The country has recorded high growth rate of up to 13% and the power that triggers this rate of growth is its vast and varied population. Today, there are about 1.3 billion people living in China of which about 38% reside in the coastal areas where most of the industries are located. Of these about 72% of the people fall within the working group and literacy rates among the Chinese is about 96%. Unemployment in China is at 9%. China capitalises on its immense human resource and this is why it attracts such huge foreign flow of capital. Despite such a glorious economy and strength of human capital, China is not free from problems. Its human resources pose the greatest problem despite being its strongest factor. The country is plagued by concerns like foreign exchange risks and financial and currency risks but of these, the human resources top the charts of concerns for China in the present and near future (Lubman, 2010). Figure: top concern for China at present and the coming 3 years (Source: Eusmecentre, 2012) The figure above shows the respective ranking of the topmost problems faced by China at present and also predicts the future ranking of these problems in the country. We observe that Human resource issues like availability of qualified employees are the biggest problem with companies in China, both domestic and international. The study also indicates that HR shall remain the topmost concern for China in the coming years as well. Problem The shortage of qualified staff has created an overheating in the Chinese labour market. There is a widespread lack of experienced and qualified employees. Adding to woes, employee turnover has become a critical problem that arises out of this shortage problem. In terms of statistical data, one out of every three employees runs a high risk of turnover in China. HR managers and executives have a critical concern of retaining their best talents. This number is almost double of what runs in other global markets. China’s employee situation has turned into a poachers den where existence and growth of foreign multinationals has generated a huge demand for talented, experience and qualified staff. In case of employee availability, the demand situation far exceeds the supply scene. The big fight persists among both domestic and foreign companies and this buyers market is plagued by presence of employees who always look for better options (Thomson, 2011). Most Chinese organizations try to combat the situation through an out paying strategy to attract talent into their companies. It has been realised that high pay attracts employees and what also acts as a catalyst to employee retention is strong employee development potential and attractive career paths. In China, candidates are attracted more towards job opportunities that promise a better pay. But with time, as the candidature shifts towards the younger generation, the demand for career opportunities that are differentiated and developmental opportunities tend to attract employees more. The general belief in most companies is that they need to design better pay packages so as to fight of poachers, or in other words, competing companies. However, it is wrong

Critical Appraisal of Compassion in Care by Van der Cingel Research Paper

Critical Appraisal of Compassion in Care by Van der Cingel - Research Paper Example The writer has employed a qualitative investigation of in detail interviews to achieve this knowledge. The investigation finds that sympathy has seven scopes- attentiveness, listening, tackling, participation, helping, charisma, and consideration. The investigation concludes that compassion is of worth to nurse and patient relationship as it inspires both in establishing an affiliation to realize the best result of care. Research Design Qualitative research is the apparent approach of collecting in-depth comprehension of emotions, opinion, and conduct. The writer further expounds that the employ of grounded hypothesis and in exacting the emergent fit method in other terms gathering hypothesis from statistics and then illustrating that theory. Stable comparative investigation, analytical initiation and oretical sensitivity are therefore employed in order to understand the empirical data. Nevertheless, there are risks in using the budding fit mode. Artinian and Giske (2009) depict that even though this technique allows the writer to build upon the exertion of preceding research, in the event that the research’s variables were found from the review of literature then they might be faulty. Recruitment Strategy The writer expounds the reasons why these meticulous individuals were selected for the investigation but does not show how. The research centres on older people residing with a chronic disease and therefore only above 65 years (with a continual illness) were selected. In some instances, nurses projected clients to the writer. Opinionative, this might leave the outcomes open to query, thus bias could inadvertently occur. Data Collection The data collection setting was threefold. To begin with, the centre for rehabilitation for chronic diseases followed by a home care administration and lastly an outpatient’s health centre. This is warranted by the author’s declaration that compassion is not universal in proficient settings. Nonetheless, th is is based on results available in print six years ago. Moreover, this information has been criticised because of van Heijst’s detest of rationalisation and nationalisation in care and wellbeing. It is made clear that data was composed in semi-structured interrogations carried out by the author, helped by students, and centred on a questionnaire that is included in the article. The interrogations were tape recorded and afterwards written out until data infiltration was attained. Nevertheless, there is no sign of the way these interviews were carried out. Data Analysis The writer does, however, gives an in-depth explanation of the procedure of data analysis. Data was put down and then investigated with Atlas-Ti that is a computer software programme. This software is employed broadly in qualitative investigations and data investigation. This aided the author to establish a list of perceptions general in compassion- attentiveness, listening, tackling, participation, helping, ch arisma, and consideration.

Political Ideologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Ideologies - Essay Example The purpose of communism is to have common ownership of properties. The government regulates access to labor and its produce on to what is satisfactorily needed by each individual in the society. There are different kinds and forms of communism developed by several philosophers such as Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. But we shall focus on the economic reforms that both Libertarianism and Communism wish to offer. Communism believes that the working class is the solution, and that giving more power to the working class, dissolving any division in the society and avoiding any possible exploitation from the capitalist class can eliminate a division in society. This is why the government chooses to regulate the economy, and abolishes private ownership. Communism sees capitalism as a mere exploitation of the working class. Rousseau's (1978) origin story of the bourgeois political order holds that the ideology of communism, evolves through a pledge by the citizenry, a social pact to establish equality among each other, that they will place themselves under the same conditions and enjoy the same rights (p. 76). Libertarianism and Communism are two opposite ideology, put it simply, the first gives importance and the sanctity of an individual’s freedom, separate from any control by society. It is the free will and independence of man and his own volition that controls his fate. On the other hand, the Communist is ruled by the society, as a working class, co-equal in everything without any other class or division. It is unity between every man, without having one man better than the other. This â€Å"one† society regulates and controls each other, making sure that no one man exploits another. The Libertarian wishes every man to love â€Å"live his life in any way he chooses so long as he respects the equal rights of others" (Boaz, p. 2). The Communist ideology on the other hand abolishes the idea of â€Å"private property† and follows common ownership. A man is viewed as one with society. It is the society and the community that holds property in order to prevent any division in society, of having one person higher or richer than the other. Economically, a very good example of this ideology of libertarianism is economic freedom through the doctrine of laissez faire, in which free enterprise between businesses is upheld without government intervention. The opposite of this would be the ideology imposed by Communism, in which the government takes economic control, to avoid the business owners or so called capitalists to exploit its working class. The defect of Communism lies on the very existence of every individual, the component of free will. In order to attain equality and fairness, the Communist removes every chance for an individual to work better for his own accomplishments. He is not allowed to go beyond his means or ability in order to have a better and improved life. The control of the mean and resources infringes the righ t of each individual to be rich and successful by his own work and self-motivation. There is hindrance to self-actualization and self-fulfillment. In a country like the United States of America, were all, if not every nationality is part of its citizenry, libertarianism is more appropriate. A free enterprise

Change Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Change Management - Essay Example Change forces usually have direct impact on the management and running of business resulting to the need for transitioning to the desired state which an organization will operate at an optimum capacity (Paton, Paton and McCalman 2008). Resistive forces to change usually diminish the change forces effects by advocating for status quo, resulting to change failure. These resistive forces may be categorized into organizational resistances or individual resistances. Organization resistance may include structural inertia, group inertia and having limited view of change importance. On the other hand, individual resistances may vary from fear of the unknown, limited information and lack of security. These forces can be effectively reduced through education and communication from the change pioneers (Gonà §alves 2007). Change management plays an important role in ensuring that employees are aware of the importance of change. In addition, it is the means through which resistance forces can be earlier identified and resolved. Thus, change management is the way of combating resistive change forces and effectuating change forces in the process of implementing

The Prime Minister of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin is great Essay

The Prime Minister of Russian Federation Vladimir Putin is great public speaker. Russia needs him - Essay Example His speeches are interesting, focused, and witty he makes use of a number of metaphors in them. His unique body posture, tone modulations, assertiveness, conviction, openness, boldness and diplomatic strategies make him one of my favorite public speakers. The five elements involved in effective public speaking are, â€Å"who is saying what to whom using what medium with what effects?† (The Definition of Public Speaking). Analyzing Putin’s speeches one can identify that they combine these elements to a large extend. For Jaffe, â€Å"public speaking occurs when one person prepares and delivers a speech for a group that listens, generally without interrupting the speaker’s flow of ideas†( Jaffe, 2009, p. 1). In the case of Vladimir Putin his words are highly valued not only by the Russians but also by the international community and as such he can be regarded as an effective public speaker. Vladimir Putin’s historical speech at the Security Conference in Munich, on February 10, 2007 has captured worldwide attention. Addressing the large number of defense ministers, parliamentarians and other representatives Putin strongly criticized the United States in trying to create a "uni-polar" world. In his short but powerful speech he severely condemns the United States that has â€Å"overstepped its borders in all spheres - economic, political and humanitarian, and has imposed itself on other states† and he warns world nations that the United States’ policy would only result in disasters (Watson, 2007). Vladimir Putin’s speeches demonstrate immense optimism and he firmly believes in the potential power of the nation’s political system. While may criticize that there is no modernization in the nation, the nation was stagnating and that corruption goes unchecked in the nation, Putin has defended himself effectively by citing the concrete deeds undertaken by the government. He

Oil Spill Effect on Environment and Community Essay

Oil Spill Effect on Environment and Community - Essay Example This research paper examines one environmental factor that can have an adverse effect not only on the environment but also on the entire community. Talking about oil spills, it causes long term damages along with a lot of small damages which affect the entire environment. Some damages can also last for years. Oil which is spilled by tankers with damaged oil rigs and pipelines ends up in coating everything which is touched by it causing a bad affect on the entire ecosystem. Oil slick which is taken out of the large oil spills and is basically touching the beach along with the coats of oil and the entire sand and rocky area is touched by it as well. There are grasses and plants which will then absorb the oil marshes which are along the coastal area along with forests and wetlands are damaged and it will cause a lot of bad effects on the wildlife and the entire environment. When oil is not floating on the water surface and is basically sinking inside the marine environment the delicate ecosystem which is based underground is badly affected. Many fishes and also smaller organisms which are a very important part of the food chain are contaminated and are badly affected. Oil Spills end up in damaging the marshlands, marine ecosystem along with the entire beach area. There are many efforts and also remedies which end up in taking care of the environment however in spite of that many concerns and cases still exist. Sea mammals have to face a lot of problems and many of them end up in creating problems for the next generations.... oil is spilled near them and it can have deadly results for the birds, their feather are covered with oil which makes flying extremely difficult for them. The insulation process along with the water proofing is also affected badly and it ends up in giving rise to the hypothermia along with overheating. Oil is basically affected by the birds in the race of protecting their feathers which then badly damage the internal organs of the birds and it is also sometimes fatal for the birds (Effects of Oil Spills, 2012). Oil Spills are not only causing dreadful affects on the fish, forest, marine life and birds but it is also killing marine mammals badly. Whales, seals, sea otters and dolphins are few mammals which are badly affected. Holes of these animals are sometimes blown which ends up in making the breathing process extremely difficult for them along with badly damaging the communication process of these mammals. Hypothermia is caused to these mammals if their feather are fully covered a nd coated by the oil spill. Food supply of these mammals is badly affected and due to this oil spill the mammals can die and they also face extremely bad affects. The effects are not just for that particular time but they last for a longer time which causes death of many sea mammals later on as well (National Public Radio : News & Analysis, 2011) The growth rate of these mammals is affected badly along with some other smaller species being damaged badly as well. Eggs of the fish and larvae are exposed to the oil which ends up in increasing the death rate of the fishes which are an important part of the marine life. These fishes and the eggs which are covered with the oil die and even if some survive at that time their death is certain and the damaged fishes and the marine animals cannot be

Sampling and production Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sampling and production - Essay Example 69558 million in the year between 1996 and 1997 (Priyadharshini 2012). Today, Indian leather industry is recognized in the international markets which has led to it being ranked in India’s one of the top seven earning industries of foreign exchange (Priyadharshini 2012). India is suitable as a destination for the sampling and production of leather garments because leather industry in India has seen a massive transformation and development since the sixties. Today, it not only exports raw materials, but also exports value added finished products. More importantly, the liberalized trade and economic policies combined with the globalization of Indian economy make its leather industry poised for more growth and expansion in the future and increased share in the global trade. Leather industry is also flourishing in Turkey, which makes it a suitable country to sample and export leather products from. SF Leather is a potential leather sampler and producer based in Izmir, Turkey’s free trade zone. Specialized in leather handbags’ production, SF Leather is quite popular among the clients as an alternative exporter of leather products to East Asia primarily because of the efficiency of its delivery and more competitive prices than what are charged by vendors in Eastern Europe (SF Leather n.d.). Another major company that qualifies for consideration is Moda Sourcing Solutions based in Istanbul, Turkey (modasourcing.com 2014). China has been chosen as the country for sampling and production of all other fabrics because Chinese exports of fabrics is reaching new height in the contemporary international markets. Places like Hangzhou have plentiful small garment makers that produce anywhere between 20,000 and 30,000 suits every year (Brown et al 2005, p. 81). A very noticeable and appreciable aspect of Chinese trade is that the country is capable of producing all varieties of fabrics customized to the needs of its customers. Thus, we find some of the most